Annotated Bibliography Student’s name Institutional affiliation Part 1 Annotated Bibliography BarnLund, D. C. & Yoshioka, M. (1990). Apologies: Japanese and American Styles; International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14, 193-206. This journal seeks to investigate the styles of interactions from Americans and Japanese. Barnlund and Yoshioka used a number of ways to achieve their goal of learning the interaction styles especially apologies of this two countries. According to the two authors, human behavior is governed by meaning assigned to an event rather than by objective of the event. The article begins with two aircraft crash scenarios which leads to 77 people (US crash) and 24 people (Tokyo Bay crash) killed. Despite the misfortune, no apology is given by the crew, airline officials or even government from America. The Tokyo Bay airline president on the other hand, together with his crew apologized to the families affected by the Tokyo Bay Crush and even resigned their jobs. According to this Journal, apologies constitute a wide behavior spectrum that is essential in satisfying varying communicative purposes. Barnuld and Yoshioka describe an apology to be a simple conversation, an awareness term, an empathy/ sympathy message, or a means to making a transition. The two further conducted semi- structured interviews on Japanese and American students. The interviews were to help them understand the major cultural variables that affect types of apologi...